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Wuwei of rural micro-credit loans
Ma Zhongying
(Wuwei City College, Finance)
Abstract: For a long time, Wuwei City is lagging behind productivity, farmers and other low-income people lack funds to support the development of production, micro-credit loans to carry out, so that farmers can put more energy into agricultural production, which, however, promotion of micro credit in Wuwei City the lending process in some problems, such as Xing and agricultural loans in the security risk of production problems, farmers bad credit problems and Xiaoerfensan of Jingyingmoshi problems and address these questions a number of recommendations.
Key words: micro-credit loans to Wuwei City
A small credit loans to rural Wuwei the overall development
1.1 Agricultural development in Wuwei City
Wuwei City is a typical agricultural town, the city’s population of 194.24 million, of which agricultural population of 132.85 million. Wuwei City as an important commodity grain base in the province, the annual output of 958,000 tons of grain, vegetables, 1.0339 million tons, total output of 84,700 tons of fruit, meat output of 108,300 tons. The total area of 33,000 square kilometers, within the area mountainous, hilly and desert larger. In recent years, with the state Shiyang promote watershed management in depth, Wuwei City increased Greenhouse cultivation, Shed breeding, plant corn, potatoes and other special efforts to support farming. Wuwei more agricultural population, the agricultural economy ranks prominence, making the development of rural micro-credit loans has great potential.
1.2 The situation of the rural credit system
Because many rural Wuwei City, greater demand for micro-credit loans. In recent years, the People’s Bank branch in the city of Wuwei city within the next great efforts to create work for rural credit system, combined credit in recent years, the village created in Wuwei City, issued a “rural credit system in Wuwei City implementation plan.” The city create a credit of township (town) 30, the credit more than 200 villages, 210,000 households were assessed credit, accounting for 66.78 percent of rural households, filing 266,900, assessed the letter of credit households accounted for 55% of users, leading jurisdiction Small Agricultural Loans issued within the rural credit cooperatives accumulated more than 4.2 billion yuan. Agricultural Bank of Wuwei City first half of 2009, implementation of the whole village of tracts were distributed to benefit farmers Card 12576, Credit 4330, Credit rate of 34%. Loans 1840 the amount of 38.15 million yuan, lending rate of 14.6%. Vigorously promoting rural credit cooperatives in Wuwei City Farmers small credit loans, and gradually increased farmers and small credit limit secured credit limits, and constantly expanding credit services. As of March 2010, the city of more than 65% of households with credit unions to establish a credit relationship, welcomed by the local farmers.
2010, Wuwei City, rural credit cooperatives to local conditions, and increase re-approved credit limit of small farmers, the letter of the outstanding loans from the original 5,000 yuan users adjusted to 10,000 yuan, a better user letter from the 2,000 yuan loans adjusted to 5,000 yuan, a general letter of credit from the user 1000 yuan to 3,000 yuan. In order to create a favorable credit environment in rural areas, improve awareness of farmers and trustworthy, Xianlian She has launched a credit village in the county (town) to create activities, adhere to mature one, the development of a mature village, the development of a village.
1.3 All districts and counties of Wuwei City, the dissemination of rural micro credit loans
In recent years, Wuwei City, various commercial banks and rural credit cooperatives increased “three rural” credit investment, improve rural financial services. According to statistics, in 2009 in Wuwei City, reached 11.72 billion yuan of the loans, agricultural loans increased in 2008 compared to 221 million, compared with 13.4% growth in 2008. Rural credit cooperatives total labor export loans issued 29 million yuan, basically meet the migrant workers the financial needs of migrant workers, promoting economic development in Wuwei city services. Meanwhile, student loans and micro-credit loans for laid-off unemployed workers has also made new progress, improve the “entrepreneurial training, small credit loans + credit + community building,” long-term mechanism, to 3707 students from poor families go through College Enrollment to student loans 15,574,300 yuan. Small laid-off workers reached 3.77 million yuan of credit loans.
Table 1 2003-2009 small credit loan in Wuwei City Unit: million
Micro-credit loans for the year annual total payment of agricultural loans
20032449255672
20043222576663
200,538,339,102,045
200,637,132,115,430
200,732,044,114,012
200,862,789,119,000
200,988,461,144,200
Source :2004-2009 “Financial Yearbook of Gansu”
As can be seen from Table 1, Wuwei city, the development of micro-credit loans has experienced two phases, from 2003 to 2007, slow growth and rapid development began in 2008. From the above data, in 2004 compared to 2003, up 31% of Microcredit in 2005, up 11% compared to 2004; 2005 to 2007, the development of micro-credit loans declined in 2006 compared to 2005 micro-credit issuance declined by 4% compared to 2007 decreased by 14% in 2006; 2008 began, Wuwei city government to increase the “three rural” and support efforts to vigorously carry out the rural micro-credit, micro-credit in 2008 Loan growth in 2007 compared to 132% in 2009 compared to 2008 increased by 40%.
In 2009, the cumulative release in Wuwei City Minqin small credit loans to 8.57 million yuan, 471 laid-off workers to rely on micro-credit loans were re-employed, while driving more than 1,200 people to achieve employment. As of March 20, 2010, total running spring Minqin small loans 143.18 million yuan to support 103 building greenhouses, to buy 29,350 tons of fertilizer, seeds, 6,190 tons, 1,080 tons of plastic sheeting, 52 tons of pesticides to ensure the spring land preparation smooth production. The financial institutions also Minqin 1.06946 billion yuan in loans outstanding, a net increase of 50.77 million yuan over the beginning, in which the balance of 793.92 million yuan of agricultural loans, the loans accounted for 74.24%, 2010, three months, the cumulative delivery of agricultural loans 28 311 million. 100 Rural Economic Development Minqin Xue has been slow to implement micro-credit loans, the township has more than 730 2 004 farmers received small credit loans to families to support, which is mainly produced the 400 onion farmers receive loans in 176 support so that the income of peasants increased significantly.
As of the end of December 2008, the implementation of Tianzhu County, Wuwei City, micro-credit fund 2.40 million, received 374 applications from micro-credit, micro-credit loans to the amount of 8.5 million yuan, 980,000 yuan loans are due back, the current with 320 loans for 7.52 million yuan to enjoy. Since 2005, total micro-credit loans paid 59.37 million yuan, 20.69 million yuan loans issued planting, breeding loans to 17.09 million yuan, small business loans for 7.3 million yuan, driven 760 unemployed persons were re-employed. As of the end of 2008, four county rural credit balance of 136.89 million yuan of loans, agricultural loans, the county put the number of financial institutions accounted for 99.8% of the first quarter of 2010, agricultural production loans invested a cumulative total of more than 3,000 million, representing more than last year invested more than 700 million. Rural credit cooperatives throughout the county this year will total payment of 37 million yuan spring production credit, to protect the county’s agricultural production.
February 2010, Wuwei City Gulang County from the county into the micro-credit loan fund to finance 400 thousand yuan, an active and contact the county credit union, a total of 153 laid-off workers for the payment of small credit loans to 2.7 million yuan. The year 2009, total grant Gulang County Agriculture credit 226.72 million yuan, of which: payment of loans 980 Greenhouse 11.49 million yuan; culture Shed loans 886 15.3 million yuan; effective credit funds to support the promotion of the industrial structure adjustment and the rapid rise of new water-saving industries, thus boosting the income of farmers increased markedly. Especially in the provincial new rural demonstration Gulang County Mongolian gazelle Chuan Zhen a Village, three years, Gulang County Rural Credit Cooperatives were put in the village more than 180 million micro-credit loans, a total of 85 greenhouse built to support, so that Greenhouse village to 255, to support farming large 6 scale farmers over 23, a Shue Estate, per capita net income reached 2,380 yuan or so. The “Ginseng” and “baby food” directly to the two major greenhouse industry, the villagers brought more than 100 million in revenue, making a Shue Estate to become the county’s economic development and Gulang County village of New Socialist Countryside Construction of a 亮丽风景线. According to statistics, only two years 2006 and 2007, the county’s rural credit cooperatives to invest 355.72 million yuan loans, loans for county farmers face every year, over 70%.
2 micro-credit loans in Wuwei City Problems
2.1 Loan and security risks in agricultural production
Wuwei City is still relatively weak agricultural productivity, or to farmers based on the family business, which is characterized by small scale, weak anti-risk ability, in the event of natural disasters or large market price fluctuations of agricultural products, production, and life will be great effects. While the commercial banks, investment funds safety, efficiency and liquidity is the primary consideration, due to the higher risk of current agricultural production, leading commercial banks, agricultural operations often overestimate the risk of a “fear Loan “phenomenon, and farmers due to more difficult access to market information, lack of ability to judge market prospects, tend to underestimate the risk of Nong Ye operation, the two contradiction that limited the effectiveness of micro-credit funds Nanyifahui.
2.2 household credit risk and financial security
Microfinance loans usually need to rely on pre-survey villages, and government organizations. Survey on farmers more credit is based on perceptions rather than based on rational analysis. Before signing the contract, bank loans are not fully aware of the specific situation of the debtor. Bank loans to farmers, due to farmers living in scattered, inaccessible, loan amount is small, Lots more accounts and more, the heavy workload, so monitoring the behavior of farmers loan is very difficult, thereby affecting bank earnings. In addition, some local governments like the superficial assessment of credit to farmers, not strict, half-heartedly, resulting in the Top credit rating and the actual situation of serious discrepancies, make loans due for repayment rate, damage to the bank the interests of the lower bank lending initiative. Wuwei city, from the current overall situation, the poor credit environment has restricted the biggest obstacle to bank credit.
2.3 The number of households with low education level, on the policy based on bias, lack of social credit system
Currently the object of most of the small credit loans to farmers, laid-off workers, less educated, some people think that small credit loans is “Agriculture”, and it is “poor”, and is provided free of charge to farmers in developing countries production, on the repayment of a lack of enthusiasm. Some people credit the money, not for development of production, but used for other purposes, have the ability to pay is not active repayment.
2.4 The lack of protection mechanisms for repayment
Micro-credit loans to borrowers who typically entrepreneurs, and those who mostly lack of funds, if the venture successful, he is willing to repay the loan, but if the venture fails, the loss of funds, loans were difficult to protect the interests.
2.5 small, decentralized business model flawed
In a market economy, the scale of operation is very important to producers, banks, as self-financing business, they need to scale. Wuwei City, a larger land area, desert, more hilly, agricultural production is more dispersed and Gulang County of Tianzhu County, there are still a large number of terraced production. Bank lending spread, making the increased cost of loan administration, management, and greatly increase the difficulty.
2.6 The weak credit team
Micro-credit loans to farmers bank management weak. As things stand, Wuwei City, with various rural banks generally l to 2 full-time credit officers, and each township households are generally more than in 1000, and more to reach 45 1 000, if received by 10% of rural households micro-credit support to farmers to achieve the most from 400 to 500. The average of a loan officer is responsible for more than 200 households from the survey to the payment of loans, all appeared to be inadequate, it can not meet the credit needs of farmers, small farmers directly affected credit work.
The promotion of 2.7 micro-credit loans to the lack of sufficient power
As the micro-credit loans to farmers in the face of the large number of the smaller loans, farmers can only solve the general production and financial difficulties of life. Promote rural economic development, it is subtle, long-term, it is difficult to show immediate achievements of grassroots party and government leaders. So part of the quick success of the local government leadership in promoting the performance of micro-credit loans to cold. Micro-credit loans while interest rates higher, but also affected the enthusiasm of farmers to borrow. According to “micro-credit loans to rural credit cooperatives, farmer management practices,” regulations, farmers micro-credit loans by the Bank of the people of the floating rate benchmark interest rate appropriate Youhui, but the banks in the implementation, Guoduo consider their own interests, plans Fang Bian management, whether it is micro-credit loans or other loans, interest rates are at a higher implementation rate microfinance loans do not meet the provisions of the loan affect the enthusiasm of farmers.
3 Development of micro-lending operations in Wuwei City of measures
3.1 The collection of household information resources, the establishment of farmer credit system
In rural areas, the long-term exchanges between farmers, trading behavior, on the personal credit information has been fully outward, in a society of information on the stock of a lot of personal credit, but for banks to find the information is clearly a high cost . Banks can draw on the experience of foreign practice to the village as a unit, the establishment of village loan centers scattered in the private sector to realize the farmers the use of personal credit status information. Estate Loan Center by a 5-8 composed of village cadres and peasants, the repayment schedule to urge members to exchange experiences, teach useful skills, convey the loan policy. Loans through the village center, you can identify the lender information, weed out the idle, indolent, without trust, people who violate law and discipline, but also the behavior of farmers loan can be an effective civilian oversight. This can promote the occurrence of micro-credit loans or increased payment and security for the funds to build the first line of defense, ultimately can improve the economic efficiency of banks. Meanwhile, the bank should continue to improve the existing lender files a first gear, keep detailed records of money farmers, repayment conditions, as do farmers credit credit risk assessment and provide the basis for effective control. In the framework of this system, long-term trading partners through mutual supervision of information between farmers and banks to optimize the structure, the banks indirectly involved in household production process, reducing the cost of the bank. Problem of moral hazard at the same time through these arrangements are to be effective prevention.
3.2 play a primary role of village party branches, to promote credit village (town) building
To give full play to grass-roots party organizations, the role of the village committee is the implementation of micro-credit loans to farmers an important part. To play a grass-roots party organizations, village committees familiar with the farmers the advantage of the situation, the choice of target group loans to support farmers fairly well-off as the target, honest farmers who give more support. Loans through the village center, credit for farmers assessed the situation and use it as a basis for the approved credit limit, so that banks credit unions, grass-roots party branches, village committees and farmers close contact, greatly enhance the credit awareness of farmers to gradually strengthen “honorable and trustworthy, dishonesty shameful” concept, will produce farmers increase income, credit and increased profits results, to promote credit village (town) of the building, but also the promotion of spiritual civilization and advanced culture.
3.3 Small farmers improve the way the operation of credit
Bank loans to do a good job before the investigation, in-depth understanding of farmers in rural financial needs and production operation. Depending on the loan purpose, crop growth cycle, scientifically and reasonably determine the term of the loan.
Predict the establishment of agricultural information systems and credit guarantee mechanism, can effectively prevent the risk of micro-credit. Due to natural risks and market risks dual impact, agriculture is a low-yielding of the weaker industries, Suo Yi need to be You Difangzhengfu the agricultural sector and credit center for Farmers Xin Xi, Zeng Qiang right market analysis, predicative function, for the farmers to provide the necessary The information service, strengthen the farmers market knowledge and understanding. Mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, so farmers increase production, loan repayments are also guaranteed.
Further improve the credit service network. Wuwei City Farmer is more dispersed, it is necessary for the majority of the rural banks scattered farmers with credit services, loans to facilitate farmers, but also emphasizes the concept of economic accounting, as concise as possible, and raising efficiency. Wuwei City is located in the Northwest, the natural environment is more severe, the heavy workload of small credit loans, rural banks need to increase field staff on the one hand, on the other hand, should give full play to grass-roots party branches, the role of the community, and develop training co-ordinators, absorption of rural social workers to help develop business, and gradually form a county, township and village, group-level credit service network system.
3.4 to attract more farmers, micro-credit loans to farmers energize
Rural credit cooperatives should fully understand the start-up micro-credit loans, is a major reform of China’s credit system. To change the concept, change style, further correct for the agriculture, rural areas and peasants direction, to better support agricultural and rural economic development. To strengthen the power of credit, improve credit quality of personnel, from “take doors off” to actively marketing the changes in the rural areas of market demand and household production, farmers around the needs of micro-credit loans Tuiguang. Marketing concept to the loan, loan responsibility to develop and implement full marketing, micro-credit loans to farmers sent to farms to help farmers increase income.
Strict implementation of micro-credit loans to farmers preferential interest rates. According to “micro-credit loans to rural credit cooperatives, farmers Interim Measures”, the People’s Bank, “Doing Well the Work of Rural Credit Cooperatives notice” clearly that the interest rate on loans to farmers planting less in principle, floating or not floating, rural Small farmer credit cooperatives should strictly enforce the provisions of credit loan rates, credit work, to take different interest rates, lower loan rates for farmers to implement.
Farmers by simplifying loan procedures, so that farmers can get loans easily and quickly to help farmers develop production and expand its operations and increase revenue. Gulang County from some small credit situation, farmers obtain loans general farming and breeding industry is more convenient procedures for the production of capital, production and business activities so that farmers need to be timely supply of funds, ensuring stable and reliable operating income, boosted the income of farmers increased.

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Analysis on the Development of Micro-credit Loans in Wuwei.
Qixin
(Economy & Management college of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070)
Abstract: For a long time, Wuwei’s productivity lag behind. Farmers and other low-income people in Wuwei lack of funds to support the development of production. Micro-credit loans to enable farmers to put more effort into agricultural production. However, the process which promote the micro-credit loans appears a problem, For example, Loan security problem and Risks in agricultural production problem.The thesis put forward some proposals for the development of the micro-credit loans in Wuwei.
Key words: Micro-credit loans, Wuwei

Acknowledgements
This article is a respected teacher in my section of Li Yan faculty guidance and assistance for completion. From the selection of subjects to complete each step of a lot of effort devoted mentor. Instructor vast expertise rigorous academic attitude, better work style, and Tireless noble morality impressed me, so I learned a lot and become a model for my future study. Here, instructors would like to express our highest respect and heartfelt thanks!
Also, I want to thank my students, during their university study and life have given me selfless care and help, and for me to finish this paper provides a lot of information, a sincere thank them.
So, to the concerned mentor helped me express my sincere thanks!