This is my first visit to Tibet, photographs, where a very beautiful, the sky is blue, people are very friendly, they invited us to their homes, I am very happy, I eat a very special food in their homes and, frankly, I really do not feel the taste, but be aware that this piece of land is 4,000 meters high, you need to have the energy to eat the food, I think it is so. Just go when I feel the lack of oxygen, but after a few days to adapt to, and I went to Lhasa, Shigatse, in short, can come to Tibet, I am very happy.
Tibetan name of the source of
Chinese in the "Tibet" (Tibetan for the bod ljong) refers to the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Republic of (Tibetan for the bod rang skyong ljong), referred to as Tibet.
"Tibet," the origins of words, not only the community, and even research scholar in Tibet, can not explain it clearly. In the present assertions in there are still many problems of the office. This is due to the history of Tibetan, Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu various parts of the geographical name of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Tibetan title changes have taken place many times, but also the history of the name of the cross and influence each other, making so far right in Tibet and called the Tibetan people and their meaning is still more complicated situation.
Tibet: the official naming of the Qing Dynasty named. Tang and Song of the Tubo; yuan is Nobumasa Center; Wu Si-ming, said the Tibetan, said Wei-Qing Zang, Wei that Maekura, possession of the post-Tibet; officially named as Tibet, the Tibetan name for the start; acting minister of Tibet, the Qing-based ; In the beginning of Tibet; after the founding of the latter changed the Tibet Autonomous Region, the district name has not changed.
Topography and Mountains
Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, separated from the former by the mountain ranges to the east of the Tibetan Plateau and from the latter by the towering Himalayas. Tibet is nicknamed "the roof of the world" or "the land of snows".
The average elevation of 4,000 meters above the Tibet Autonomous Region is the main part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has a "roof of the world," said. Here complex terrain can be roughly divided into three different natural areas: the northern part of North Tibet Plateau, located in Kunlun Mountains, Tanggula and Gangdise Mountains, between the Nyainqentanglha Mountain, accounting for two thirds of the autonomous area; Gangdise Mountains and the Himalayas in between, that is, the Brahmaputra and its tributaries flow through the place, is the possession of the South Valley; eastern Tibet is a mountain gorge area, a series of gradual shift from the east-west north-south mountain ravine, the Department of the famous The cross-sectional part of the mountains. Basically, there are very high mountain terrain, mountains, Zhongshan, low mountains, hills and plains of six types, as well as periglacial geomorphology, karst landforms, sand landforms, volcanic landscapes and so on. Meandering in the Tibetan plateau south of the Himalayas, by a number of similar parallel east-west mountain ranges, whose major part of China and India, Nepal's border length of 2,400 km and a width of 200 ─ 300 km, an average elevation of 6,000 meters. 8844.43 meters above sea level the world's first peak of a Mount Everest, stands in the middle of the Sino-Nepalese Himalayas on the border; in its vicinity more than 5000 square km, there are four peaks over 8,000 meters, 7,000 meters above the peak 38.
The Tibetan Mastiff (Do-khyi) is a very ancient breed and type of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) originating with nomadic cultures of Central Asia, and is especially identified with Tibet.
Tibetan Mastiff Names and etymology
the Chinese name is 藏獒 (Zang'Ao), which literally means Tibetan Mastiff or Tibetan big ferocious dog. The English name is Tibetan Mastiff. The Tibetan names Tsang Khyi (large mastiff variety) and Do-khyi (generic for the mountain type) meaning 'tied dog', reflects its use as a home guard, much as the old English ban-dog (also meaning tied dog) was a dog tied outside the home as a guardian. 'Bhote Kukur' in Nepali means Tibetan Dog. In Mongolia it is called "bankhar", meaning "guard dog". The molosser type with which the modern Tibetan Mastiff breed is linked was known across the ancient world by many names.
Tibet Tibetan Mastiff History
This is an ancient breed, descended from very early large Tibetan dogs from which many of today's Molossuses are descended. nowdays we already know The first record of a Tibetan mastiff was in 1121 BC, when a dog trained for hunting was given to a Chinese emperor.[3] Marco Polo encountered the large Tibetan dogs in his travels and described them as "tall as a donkey with a voice as powerful as that of a lion." They were used as guard dogs outside the sacred city of Lhasa. In the early 19th century, King George IV owned a pair, and there were enough of the breed in England in 1906 to be shown at the 1906 Crystal Palace show. However, during the war years, the breed lost favor and focus and nearly died out in England. Gaining in popularity worldwide, there are more and more active breeders, although the breed is still considered somewhat uncommon. Initially the breed suffered because of the limited genepool from the original stock, but today's reputable breeders work hard at reducing the genetic problems through selective breeding and the international exchange of new bloodlines.
In 2008, the Tibetan Mastiff competed for the first time in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.
Health
Unlike most large breeds, its life expectancy is long, some 10-14 years. The breed has fewer genetic health problems than many breeds, but cases can be found of hypothyroidism, entropion or ectropion, skin problems including allergies, low immune system including demodex, missing teeth, malocclusion (overbite or underbite), cardiac problems, epilepsy, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), cataract, and small ear canals with a tendency for infection. As with most giant breeds, some will suffer with elbow or hip dysplasia, although this has not been a major problem in the Tibetan Mastiff. Another concern includes canine inherited demyelinative neuropathy (CIDN), a rare inherited neural disease that appeared in one bloodline in the early 1980s. However, it is believed that this problem has been all but eliminated in contemporary breeding lines.
Temperament
The native type of dog, which still exists in Tibet, and the Westernized purebred breed can vary in temperament. Elizabeth Schuler states, "The few individuals that remain in Tibet are ferocious and aggressive, unpredictable in their behavior, and very difficult to train. But the dogs bred by the English are obedient and attached to their masters." Others claim that the ferocity of those in Tibet is due to selective breeding and their training as guard dogs rather than companion dogs, as reflected by their Tibetan name, "tied dogs." Many breeders throughout Asia are now seeking to preserve and breed the larger, original, more protective Tibetan Mastiff while Western breeders have sought to stabilize the temperament, in both size varieties.
As a flock guardian dog in Tibet, it is tenacious in its ability to confront predators the size of wolves and leopards. As a socialized, more domestic Western dog, it thrives in a spacious, fenced yard with a canine companion, but it is not an appropriate dog for apartment living. The Western-bred dogs are generally more easy-going, although somewhat aloof with strangers coming to the home. Through hundreds of years of selective breeding for a protective flock and family guardian, the breed has been prized for being a nocturnal sentry, keeping would-be predators and intruders at bay, barking at sounds throughout the night. Leaving a Tibetan Mastiff outside all night with neighbors nearby is not recommended. They often sleep during the day to be more active, alert and aware at night.
Like all flock guardian breeds, they are intelligent and stubborn to a fault, so obedience training is recommended (although only mildly successful) since this is a strong-willed, powerful breed. Socialization is also critical with this breed because of their reserved nature with strangers and guarding instincts. They are excellent family dogs.
Newspaper reports have suggested that a pair of these Mastiffs have killed tigers while guarding sheep in the highlands of Nepal.
Description
Appearance
Illustration of a Tibetan mastiff skull by Frédéric CuvierThe Tibetan Mastiff is among the largest breeds. It is found in a heavier mastiff "Tsang Khyi" type and a more moderately sized mountain "Dokhyi" type. Its sturdy bone structure and large, wide head and profuse mane and coat make it appear considerably more massive than other dogs of a similar height. It can reach heights up to 31+ inches (80+cm) at the withers, although the standard for the breed is typically in the 25 to 28 inch (61 to 72 cm) range. History records the largest of the breed weighing over 110 kg[citation needed] but dogs bred in the West are more typically between 100lb (45kg) to 160lb (72kg). The Tibetan Mastiff is considered a primitive breed and is one of the few primitive dog breeds that can retain a single oestrus per year instead of two in a native climate. This characteristic is still found in more primitive canids species like wolf. Since their oestrus usually takes place during late fall, most Tibetan Mastiff puppies are born between December and January.[2]
Its double coat is long, subject to climate, and found in a wide variety of colors including solid black, black & tan, various shades of gold, blue/gray, chocolate brown, with the rarest being white.
Like other types of mastiffs, the larger Tsang Khyi/Tiger variety has a heavier head and more pronounced wrinkling, while the moderately sized Dokhyi/Lion mountain type has a smoother brow with less jowling, giving them a drier mouth than other mastiff breeds. They are also hypoallergenic with a thick double coat that only sheds once per year in late Spring[citation needed].
Tibetan Mastiffs are shown under one standard in the West, but separated by the Chinese breed-standard into two varieties[citation needed] - Lion Head (smaller in size, exceptionally long hair from forehead to withers, creating a ruff or mane) and Tiger Head ( larger in size, shorter hair)
Tibet Tibetan Mastiff
How to Make Money With Credit Cards
It is possible to make money with credit cards. However, to accomplish this, you have to pay off your credit cards each month in order to net a profit. Credit card companies compete with each other in order to attract more customers to choose their credit cards. You can use this competition to your advantage. Here is how to make money with credit cards.
Step 1Pay off your credit cards. As long as you maintain a balance on your credit cards, you are not going to make money with your credit cards. The cost of paying credit card interest will outweigh any financial benefits you would otherwise incur if you do not pay off your credit cards. Once you pay off your balances, you are ready to start making money with your credit cards.
Step 2Explore your options. As long as you pay off your credit card each month, you do not need to worry about the interest rate on a credit card. This frees you up to focus solely on the benefits. Check with many places to find the best deals available, including your bank, solicitations through the mail, your favorite stores and online.
Step 3Decide what form of payment you are hoping to receive. Some credit cards offer cash back bonuses that come in the form of a check. However, those same credit cards will often offer you an even better deal (sometimes up to double the amount) if you instead select a gift certificate to a particular place rather than a check. If you frequently spend money at a particular place, then you might make more money by choosing the gift certificate instead of the cash.
Step 4Use different credit cards for different purchases. For example, some gas station credit cards will provide you with a cash back bonus of a percentage of the amount of money you spend at that particular gas station while using their credit card. (Some offer as high as 5% back in gasoline purchases.) However, purchases made elsewhere might not be very attractive. Use that credit card only at the gas station and a different credit card for your other purchases.
Step 5Read the fine print. A credit card might state that it pays a 2% cash back bonus, but there might be a cap on the 2%, such as paying 2% on the first $1,000 charged on the credit card annually but then dropping down to 0.5% cash back after that amount. Take advantage of the good deal but then switch to another credit card afterward to make more money.
Step 6Charge big ticket items if you can pay them off at the end of the month. For example, if you are buying a new car and plan to pay a $1000 down payment, ask if you can charge the down payment instead. That way, you get the cash back bonus but pay no more than you were going to otherwise.
Step 7Run as many monthly bills through your credit cards as you can. Many cable companies and utilities allow their customers to charge their services to credit cards. Set up as many accounts as possible to be paid through your credit card so you can make money through the cash back bonus. Just be sure to pay off the bill at the end of the month.
What is the best way to pay off credit cards?
Some experts suggest paying off your lowest balance cards first, and then applying your payments for those cards against the next highest balances. While paying off your lowest balance card, you are supposed to pay the minimum payment due. The idea is that you might pay a little bit more interest, but you will gain momentum in paying off your cards.
We've tested several scenarios and the data suggests that it's actually smarter to pay off your highest rate cards first. Here's an example:
You have three cards:
Card #1 is $4000 at 28% with a minimum payment of $100
Card #2 is $3000 at 15% with a minimum payment of $75
Card #3 is $1500 at 9.99% with a minimum payment of $40
If you apply $100 extra to the highest rate card, assuming October 2008 as your starting date, you will pay that card off around December of 2010. That is, you're paying $200 each month on card one, $75 on card two, and $40 on card three.
Once card one is paid off, you apply the $100 extra, the $100 minimum payment for card one, and the $75 minimum payment for card two, to the balance of card two. Each month you're paying $275 on card two and $40 on card three. Card two is paid off in June of 2011.
How to Use Credit Cards Online
Websites have made it easy to shop online. Simply find what you want, enter your shipping information, choose a payment option, and in five to seven business days, it will be delivered to your door. However, there still remains a small percentage of the population that has never made a purchase through the Internet. For some people, the fear of compromising their financial information is too great, whereas others are unsure of how to use a credit card online.
Step 1Check that the website address starts with https. To prevent your credit card information from being viewed by hackers and other users, it's important that you conduct an online purchase through a secure website. Any website that asks for your information should start with https in the address bar.
Step 2Enter your credit card information. Once you have selected what you want to purchase, the site will ask you for your shipping and payment information. Enter the address you want your item shipped to, and then enter your credit card number and date of expiration. As a security measure. the website will ask for the three- or four-digit CV number found on the back of the card.
Step 3Check your credit card use online. After making the purchase, you can check your credit card activity online to ensure that the purchase went through and no other unauthorized charges to your account have been made.
Credit has become pretty much a necessity of modern life. Even if you are able to pay for all of your purchases with cash, would you really feel safe carrying all that currency around with you? Not to mention how stuffed your wallet gets. Credit cards can make it easy for you to keep track of your spending with those monthly statements they send you tracking your purchases (a perk you just don't get with cash), and paying with credit also makes it much easier to dispute any charges for merchandise that doesn't arrive or is defective. Not to mention those rewards you can earn if you carry the right cards! Still, it is undeniably true that credit cards also make it much easier for us to overspend. Who among us has not suffered a bout of post-holiday blues triggered by an overlarge Visa or Mastercard bill? There are, however, a few simple steps you can take to get control over your credit card use and make sure you get the maximum benefits without running into trouble.
Step 1Pay your bills as soon as they arrive. If you carry a balance, interest accumulates every single day, so the sooner you pay, the lower your balance.
Step 2Try to pay more than the minimum balance. The more you are able to pay down, the lower your monthly minimum payment will be, but if you are used to paying, say, $200 a month on a particular card, keep making that $200 payment even when the minimum drops down to $175.
Step 3Use only one rewards card. This way, you will accumulate the maximum amount of points instead of having them spread out over several cards, thus making it much slower for you to accrue enough points to earn a reward.
Step 4Transfer higher-rate balances to a lower-rate card, then stop using the higher-rate card. It is much easier to manage your debt if you have one card (preferably a rewards card) that you use and make every attempt to pay off each month. If, like most of us, you have a certain amount of revolving debt that you just can't pay down all in one lump sum, move that debt to a zero or low-balance card, then make payments toward it but do not make any purchases with that card. The purchases would all be charged at a much higher interest rate, yet any payments you made would be applied to the original zero-balance debt so the interest-earning debt would be allowed to accumulate over the life of the balance.
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